Patients with only primary untreated OSCC (higher than stage III) who have not undergone treatments (i.e., radiotherapy/chemotherapy, surgery) were recruited as described in an earlier study (Sami et al., 2020)
Levels of these biomarkers among smokeless tobacco users were similar to those of never smokers. The study also found that smokeless tobacco users who had formerly been cigarette smokers had lower levels of both inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and tobacco exposure biomarkers than current exclusive cigarettes smokers, even though they had higher nicotine levels
[1] Smoking is primarily practiced as a route of administration for psychoactive chemicals because the active substances within the burnt, dried plant leaves (or other chemical) can vaporize into a gaseous state and be delivered into the respiratory tract, where they are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs and can reach the central nervous system
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Telephone counseling has been effective for quitting smokeless tobacco
Nicotine is bad, right
