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To a certain extent, the alveolar epithelial barrier exhibits greater resistance to damage in comparison with the adjacent endothelium (Matthay et al., 1993)
They also signal other cells in the immune system for help
A 2018 RCT explored the effect of advertisements designed to attract youth on tobacco, and e-cigarette attitudes and susceptibility among 417 non-smoking adolescents 23
Whitfield JB et al (2010) Genetic effects on toxic and essential elements in humans: arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc in erythrocytes
Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City , 2009: Appendix A p 253