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Methods of quitting smoking include counseling and support groups, nicotine patches, gums, lozenges, and sprays, e-cigarettes, smoking cessation pills, exercise, and slowly cutting back on the number of cigarettes smoked (incremental reduction)

These alterations in oral bacterial ecology might have implications for oral health [73]

COPD and Cardiovascular Disease

Secondhand smoke enters the air directly from burning cigarettes (and cigars and pipes), and indirectly from smokers lungs

Additional information Communicated by Annunziata Lapolla

After reading this article you will be able to: Use principles from cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to help your clients with common mental health problems to understand how their tobacco dependence and mental health are linked