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and smoking affects the blood supply and nutrition in the intervertebral disks

El-Halfawy, Robert T

In the Ub-dependent pathway, Parkin-dependent mitophagy is considered the major pathway of mitophagy, mainly consisting of three elements: mitochondrial damage sensor (PINK1), signal amplifier (Parkin), and signal effector (ubiquitin chain) (Harper et al., 2018)

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Telomeres in regular somatic cells are therefore reduced with each replication until critical telomere length is reached leading to cell cycle arrest 185