Iran J Public Health
In 2019, scientists conducted a large study of over 1600 healthy, fertile young men, comparing smoking habits with sperm count and motility, as well as semen volume
After one year, six of the e-cigarette users, or 37.5 percent, had begun smoking compared with 65, or 9.6 percent of those who were not using e-cigarettes at the start of the trial
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Osteoporosis was diagnosed based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, which defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density (BMD) T-score -2.5 at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)