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Analyses stratified the associations between EC and respiratory symptoms by combustible smoking status and showed that EC use was associated with significantly higher odds of developing respiratory symptoms among all smoking history groups: though the odds ratios of EC use were attenuated among never-smoking youth, they remained statistically significant

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We measured cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA) in the plasma of former smokers affected by COPD, in the serum of mice that developed CS-induced emphysema, and in the extracellular milieu of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE)

DISCUSSION This study thoroughly examined the impact of smoking-related ADOD across various sexes, age groups, SDI quintiles, GBD regions, and countries from 1990 to 2021, and projected burdens up to 2025