In 2012, a clinical trial was initiated (NCT01523548: carbon monoxide therapy for severe pulmonary arterial hypertension) which unfortunately was withdrawn sometime later
Last updated 02/01/2026
Use up to one lozenge every hour or two for six weeks, with no more than five lozenges every six hours or 20 lozenges per day, and then gradually taper
These standards provide guidance for safe levels of carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and two sizes of particulate matter
Its estimated that smoke odour can reduce a cars trade-in value by at least $500, with some studies showing a loss of up to 7.7% of the vehicles resale value
So to sort through the research and figure out whether e-cigarettes are actually safe, I read through more than 60 studies, articles, and reviews, and interviewed nine researchers and health experts about their work