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the greater the amount of the tax increase, the fewer cigarettes that are bought and consumed

& Pierce, J

As between-study heterogeneity can be underestimated or even zero when the number of studies is small 196,197 , we used Fishers information matrix to estimate the uncertainty of the heterogeneity 198 and incorporated that uncertainty into the final results

"We will continue to monitor cigarette consumption to determine if this is a blip in time or an actual trend. Public Health Impact The authors noted that their study was not without limitations: Consumption estimates based on tax data excludes illegal tobacco sales, sales on American Indian sovereign lands, and sales of certain tobacco products for which taxes are not reported

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