The chemicals in tobaccoincluding nicotine, tar, and numerous carcinogensdon't just stain teeth and cause bad breath
While vaping eliminates many harmful chemicals found in cigarettes, it can still lead to nicotine dependence, especially if used frequently
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The companies denied responsibility, but ultimately agreed to pay a combined $1.5 billion in penalties and fines, but the increase in contraband tobacco forced governments at the time to lower cigarette taxes, leading to billions in lost tax revenue
As the three domain measures were correlated in the order of 0.5 to 0.8 in the entire sample, the ABOUT-Dependence index (composite score) capturing overall perceived dependence was formed covering all three domains, to be considered in addition to the individual scale scores
doi: 10.1177/2192568220925791