In a 2026 JAMA secret-shopper study, a slender Yale medical student posed as a 237-pound patient and attempted to obtain semaglutide or tirzepatide from 49 direct-to-consumer websites
Human trials of NAD+ precursors show minimal weight reduction compared to placebo, typically less than 2-3 pounds over 12 weeks
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Major metabolites found were trimethylamine N-oxide, primarily in urine (8% to 49% of the administered dose) and [3H]--butyrobetaine, primarily in feces (0.44% to 45% of the administered dose)
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All patients reported appetite suppression and increased satiety during semaglutide treatment, which was diminished during treatment interruptions