SGLT2 inhibitors (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors) such as empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin represent excellent alternatives, providing cardiovascular and renal protection alongside modest weight loss (typically 2-4 kg)
Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Beijing Normal University
Developed by nutritionists, laboratory tested in Germany
After major abdominal surgery (gastric band removal, hernia repair, appendectomy), surgeons often recommend waiting 23 weeks to allow intestinal healing before reintroducing semaglutide's stomach-slowing effects
Everyday use and organisation No pen and no injection, but clear instructions still apply The oral dosage form may make administration easier for some patients
Both GLP-1(736)amide and GIP(142), active forms of GLP-1 and GIP, significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area and plaque size, whereas GIP(342) and GLP-1(936)amide did not present the same effect