The proposed mechanisms of diabetes-related NDs include cerebral insulin resistance (IR), vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, bloodbrain barrier injury, white matter disease of vascular origin, demyelination and axonal loss, and peroxidative membrane injury.11 Among these mechanisms, brain IR may play a primary role, and it is worth noting that neurologic complications may already occur with prediabetes IR.12 Oxidative stress,13 mitochondrial dysfunction,14 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress15 are all involved in NDs induced by brain IR
ONE SERUM, THREE ACTIVES IN ONE: No need to layer multiple active serumsthis formula combines Vitamin E, Glutathione, and Niacinamide in one balanced step
GLP-1s are primarily for treating type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and sleep apnea
Vella A, Lee JS, Camilleri M, et al
FAQS Individuals with low B12 levels, fatigue, or a plant-based diet may benefit from B12 injections
Sun YX, Wang J, Shelburne CE, Lopatin DE, Chinnaiyan AM, Rubin MA, et al
