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Published in-vitro work commonly uses GHK-Cu in the range of 10 nM to 10 M, with 1 M as a frequently reported working concentration

Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJ

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Keywords: exendin-4, liraglutide, hypodipsia, thirst glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced primarily by L-cells in the intestine and neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the hindbrain in response to nutrient entry in the gastrointestinal tract (22, 27, 28)

Specifically, proteins associated with DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress, including Cop1, H2-D1, Ndufa6, and Fam76a, showed downregulation following D-CuP treatment

In non-clinical research literature, the GHK-Cu peptide is discussed as a signaling molecule that works at the cellular level, including effects on human genes tied to tissue repair, collagen synthesis, collagen and elastin remodeling, glycosaminoglycan expression, and overall skin quality within controlled laboratory systems