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For example, ascorbate is required for opening the ring structure of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by supplying the electron to the active site of ACC oxidase, which catalyses the last step of ethylene biosynthesis (Smirnoff, 2018)
Another damaging nitrogen radical, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), is formed during atmospheric dioxide pollution and cigarette smoking
In addition, a CS exposure dose-dependent decrease of reduced cellular protein thiols and intracellular GSH in HGF/PDLF (periodontal ligament fibroblast) has been reported, which partly coincides with the results of in vitro
Hence, multiple systems including MDHAR, DHAR, glutathione, and ferredoxin contribute to the generation of reduced ascorbate