Even the rectum is utilized as an absorptive surface for the administration of some drugs, especially those likely inactivated by stomach acidity, but the absorption can be erratic and is often incomplete
In a mouse model of diabetes, topiramate effectively protected the brain from diabetes-induced damage by reducing 4-HNE levels and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels ( However, in a study on the potential toxic effects of topiramate on the liver and kidney of male mice, topiramate significantly decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, while increasing MDA and NO levels ( In vitro study found that topiramate increased MDA, NO and ROS production in astrocytes, showing a dose-dependent negative effect ( These findings suggest that topiramate may exert dual effects on oxidative stress, offering neuroprotection in certain contexts while exacerbating oxidative stress under different conditions and dosages
This review confirms that pharmaceutical residuesintroduced through manufacturing, consumption, and improper disposalpersist in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, with documented effects including endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and the propagation of antimicrobial resistance
Just like their human owners, animals are unique and have individual needs for taking medicine
New quantitative determinants in acute leukemia
Studying methods to keep enzymes stable, like using nanoencapsulation or cross-linking, could improve their lifespan and dependability for long-term monitoring
