Mechanistic evidence has indicated that GLP-1RAs promote bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization into the M2 phenotype via the cAMP-PKA-signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway [137, 138]
3.2 Therapeutic potential in obesity Although the incretin effects of GIPR undoubtedly play a crucial role in preventing postprandial glucose excursion, there is still intensive debate on whether the GIPR should be activated or inhibited for the treatment of obesity
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Effects of exenatide on kidney function, adverse events, and clinical end points of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes
The diet-derived short chain fatty acid propionate improves beta-cell function in humans and stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vitro
Brief room-temperature exposure (24 hours) causes minor but permanent potency loss, typically 35% depending on ambient temperature
