This review discusses recent clinical and laboratory studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of metformin against DM-induced neurodegeneration and the roles of various molecular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and its related cascades
No: sugar, salt, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, dairy products, artificial coloring
M.DobbsR
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502979102
The gamma-glutamyl cycle should be considered not as a mechanism for amino acid transport but rather a generator of extracellular signals, gamma-glutamyl amino acids, that are converted intracellularly to 5-oxoproline, which activates uptake and/or metabolism of amino acids (74, 75)
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