The IKK complex (I kinase), which is made up of the three subunits IKK, IKK, and IKK (NEMO-NF- essential modulator), is activated by this binding, leading to NF- activation, which drives the innate immune response [34]
Curcumin reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF- and IL-6, which are central to the pathophysiology of diabetes and obesity (Hussain et al., 2022)
A recent study showed that calycosin elicited its beneficial effects through its inhibition on ferroptosis, which was realized by controlling lipid ROS production and iron import in high glucose-treated HK-2 cells and db/db mice [245]
Unlike fat-soluble vitamins that accumulate in body tissues, water-soluble vitamins are generally excreted through urine when consumed in excess
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