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The neuroprotective mechanisms appear to involve several pathways
Spectra were acquired on a Varian Inova NMR spectrometer (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), equipped with a triple resonance probe and operating at a resonant frequency of 1 H at 500 MHz and a constant temperature of 25C
Upon activation of the GLP-1 receptor, cAMP levels increase, which activates the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) ( Furthermore, GLP-1R activation increases cAMP and alters downstream signaling pathways, including PKA, PI3K, PKC, and AKT, all of which contribute to its neuroprotective effects (Zhou et al., 2019)
Once a niche class of diabetes drugs, GLP-1 agonists have become the cornerstone of a global race to conquer obesity, a disease that has more than doubled in prevalence since 1990 and now affects over 42% of U.S
These functions make GLP-1 a central player in blood sugar control, appetite regulation, and even cardiovascular health, with benefits like improved endothelial function
