In preclinical models across muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injury models, it improved functional, structural, and biomechanical outcomes
Some studies suggest that vitamin B12 may influence bacterial activity on the skin, which can play a role in the development of acne
Its core proposed mechanism is the sequestering of G-actin, which influences the cell migration central to tissue repair, alongside preclinical links to angiogenesis and reduced inflammation
Regarding the form of vitamin B12 used, cyanocobalamin was the most common (n = 14), followed by methylcobalamin (n = 6), hydroxocobalamin (n = 4), and combinations including adenosylcobalamin in isolated cases
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Understanding the condition's pathophysiology helps both patients and healthcare professionals appreciate why symptoms can be diverse and why treatment approaches vary depending on the underlying cause