Their clinical applications are rapidly expanding, spanning endocrinology, immunology, neurobiology, and regenerative medicine
With over 190,000 estimated worldwide patient treatments to date, the reported incidence of side effects is less than 0.4 percent, and these were minor
Patients with conditions showing strong preclinical evidence and limited alternative treatment options may represent reasonable candidates following thorough informed consent discussions
Injectable use requires medical supervision
Intramuscular hydroxocobalamin injections are the recommended first-line treatment in the UK, as they bypass the absorption problem caused by lack of intrinsic factor
Giordanetto and Kihlberg, 2014) that includes improved membrane permeability compared to acyclic matched pairs and oral bioavailability but also often improved affinity for the target, improved selectivity and reduced metabolism (Hess et al., 2008