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Almost none have completed the large, long-term human trials that would tell us whether theyre safe to use for months or years
Patents, and the editor of several books in the fields of biochemistry, biomedicine, immunology and neuro-science
Quick Take (TLDR) Mostly animal and in vitro data plus multiple very small uncontrolled human reports (knee pain case series n=16, interstitial cystitis pilot n=12, 2subject IV infusion) and no randomized controlled trials or published human pharmacokinetic profiles
That complete approach to the problem gradually got great results
So theyre not ideal for initially correcting a deficiency, although theyre sometimes used to maintain vitamin B12 levels