High serum B12 with functional deficiency or discordant symptoms A high total B12 can coexist with a cellular shortage of the vitamin
Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward Downey A, Stroud C, Landis S, Leshner AI, editors Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US)
Macrophages exhibit a heterogeneous and plastic phenotype, capable of polarizing into the pro-inflammatory M1 or the reparative and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes
Glutathione may also help manage symptoms of autoimmune diseases and psoriasis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation
As a research tool, BPC-157 does not correspond to any known endogenous receptor ligand but has demonstrated interactions with several signaling systems in preclinical models
References Ristoff E, Augustson C, Geissler J, de Rijk T, Carlsson K, Luo JL, Andersson K, Weening RS, van Zwieten R, Larsson A, Roos D: A missense mutation in the heavy subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene causes hemolytic anemia