Lactic acidosis reports were markedly lower with combination therapy (567 vs 15,789), as were acute kidney injury (675 vs 7,694), diarrhoea (3,890 vs 6,922), and metabolic acidosis (203 vs 4,713), suggesting that the addition of GLP-1 RAs to metformin may mitigate serious adverse effects associated with metformin alone (Table 2)
therefore, when a target is inhibited or activated, the body may compensate for this change via other pathways, which may lead to diminished therapeutic efficacy or rebound of the disease, creating a rebound effect [337]
It is uniquely high in glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are specific to the "unfolding" of connective tissue repair
Kupffer cells, triggered by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns from injured hepatocytes, propagate MASH inflammation by secreting proinflammatory cytokines IL1b, IL-6, and TNF- to and activate HSCs by secreting TGF and platelet-derived growth factor
Baseline glutathione (GSH/GSSG ratio), cysteine, homocysteine, and markers of oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione, lipid peroxides) help providers assess true deficiency
Data was described as median (IQR)
