Researchers examine how KPV blocks the nuclear translocation of Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-$\kappa$B) in both intestinal epithelial cells and active immune cells, subsequently shutting down the transcription and downstream secretion of damaging pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, and IL-6
It is especially active in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and the gastrointestinal lining
It may cause symptoms related to neurological failure like loss of feeling or sensation, irregular bowel movements, sleep disorder, getting irritated, feeling depressed, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease
The technique requires longer needles than subcutaneous injections and carries slightly higher discomfort potential
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More research is needed to determine whether vitamin B12 directly affects body weight or BMI