Betaine is utilised in most tissues as an osmoproctectant in addition to its primary role as a methyl group donor in liver metabolism (reviewed by Zhao et al, 2018)
10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.008 44 VanceJ.SteenbergenR
Moreover, mounting evidence points to the possibility that enzyme function may undergo alterations, potentially attributable to epigenetic processes, which could in turn result in a sustained increase in metabolic rate even after the cessation of smoking (Hirota et al., 2008
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Its regulation is also different from that of NRF2, which is mainly regulated by N-glycosylase 1 (NGLY1) and DNA loss inducer 1 homolog 2 (DDI2) [13, 14]
PMID: 60 LiJ.LiuJ.ZhouZ.WuR.ChenX.YuC.et al