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Although the GLP-1R agonists are used to treat type 2 diabetes in clinic ( 3.1 PKA/STAT3 pathway GLP-1 and its analogues exert their function such as M2 polarization by inducing the activation of the activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) ( via PKA-STAT3 signaling ( via the cAMP-PKA-STAT3 signaling pathway ( 3.2 MAPK and NF-B pathway Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was also involved in the signaling of GLP-1R ( in vitro study with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, exendin-4 suppressed inflammatory responses and reduced oxidative stress, which was rmediated by suppressing MAPK signaling pathway ( 3.3 PI3K/Akt pathway GLP-1RAs can also function through the Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT pathway ( in vitro and vivo
Studies on autophagy and various neurodegenerative diseases are summarized in Table 1
There are currently 40 known ILs, some of which are divided into subtypes (e.g., IL-1 and IL-1) [40]
Brain-gut axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications
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Reprogrammed GLN metabolism plays an important role in the antitumor immune response of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells [127]
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