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Because Cerebrolysins effects involve neuroplastic changes that develop over time, some patients report that benefits continue to consolidate after the active treatment period ends
Non-human primates (NHPs), such as rhesus monkeys, naturally exhibit age related tau and amyloid (A) pathologies, providing models that closely mimic human disease progression (Li et al., 2019)
This is plausible given that the vagus nerve innervates the small intestine with higher density fibers compared to the colon 33,57
These findings are further corroborated by experimental models that show increased NOX4 activity under oxidative stress conditions, including treatment with RAS-selective lethal small molecule 3 (RSL3) or erastin, which have been shown to enhance lipid peroxidation and subsequent cell death (111,112)
Nonetheless, considering the clinical relevance of GLP-1 therapies and their potential impact on energy balance beyond food intake and body weight, future studies should investigate whether GLP-1 agonists influence hypothalamic neuropeptide expression or signaling cascades in MC4R-deficient models