For instance, 5 g/mL of grape seed extract (GSE) inhibited d-galactose-induced apoptosis in vitro , but higher concentrations (50 and 100 g/mL) of GSE and GSPB2 for 24 h reduced the survival rates of hGC cells and KGN cell lines by approximately 20% and 50%, respectively (Barbe et al., 2019)
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8 Why does this matter
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 49.Tong KI, Katoh Y, Kusunoki H, Itoh K, Tanaka T, Yamamoto M
Elevated leptin levels, which are observed in obesity, increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-, IL-6, and IL-12 (52, 64, 67, 74, 75)
Petersburg, Russia Initial research in 1980s at Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology Derived from studying pineal gland peptides and aging Over 40 years of Russian research (but limited Western studies) Inspired by observation that pineal gland function declines with age Why developed: Soviet/Russian focus on longevity research Searching for ways to extend healthy lifespan Understanding cellular aging mechanisms Pineal gland's role in aging and circadian rhythms Goal: Create synthetic peptide mimicking natural bioregulators Epithalon vs epithalamin: Epithalamin: Natural polypeptide complex from pineal glands (bovine) Epithalon: Synthetic tetrapeptide mimicking epithalamin's active component Epithalon more practical (synthetic production, consistent quality) Both target similar anti-aging pathways Learn peptide fundamentals and how peptides work at SeekPeptides to understand Epithalon's unique mechanisms
