The intensive treatment of the multiple risk factors reduces the development/progression of renal disease18 which is why guidelines insist on comprehensive management of the patient with diabetes (glycemic control and control of cardiovascular risk factors, use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation or weight loss in overweight/obese individuals, among others).19 However, the residual renal risk remains very high in optimally treated patients.20 More recently, iSGLT2 has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal events, but still, the residual risk of renal disease progression remains high.21,22 Nevertheless, although the rate of diabetes-related complications (such as myocardial infarction, stroke, lower limb amputations or mortality) have decreased significantly in recent decades, this is not the same for CKD patients requiring renal replacement therapy attributed to diabetic kidney disease (DKD).23 Therefore new treatments are needed that improve glycemic control independently of GFR, with a low risk of hypoglycemia and able to reduce cardiovascular and renal risk in this population
Formulators can leverage these findings to create products that deliver visible firming and wrinkle-reducing benefits
Table 1 Possible association between glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and depression based on previous studies
These effects contribute to renal protection and may improve cardiac function in T2D patients with cardiovascular risk
Oral and capsule versions are less studied and may require higher doses for comparable results
Antioxidant Enzyme Pathways Antioxidant enzyme pathways receive enhancement through: Increased SOD activity via copper cofactor delivery Elevated catalase activity for HO breakdown Increased total glutathione levels creating stronger hydroxyl radical quenching capacity than glutathione alone Skin Regeneration and Dermal Architecture Clinical trials demonstrate profound skin rejuvenation effects that position GHK-Cu among the most effective topical and systemic anti-aging compounds
