Pharmacokinetics: Cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally, orally, and parenterally, while hydroxocobalamin is administered only parenterally. Once absorbed, vitamin B12 is highly bound to transcobalamin II, a specific B-globulin carrier protein and is distributed and stored primarily in the liver as coenzyme B12. The bone marrow also stores a significant amount of the absorbed vitamin B12. This vitamin crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk. Enterohepatic recirculation conserves systemic stores. The half-life is about 6 days (400 days in the liver). Elimination is primarily through the bile; however, excess cyanocobalamin is excreted unchanged in the urine
The glossy, smooth surface of the tongue is due to the loss of papillae
B12 is as important to patients as insulin is to diabetics
Instead, intramuscular injections may be more suitable
Typically, a licensed healthcare provider orders this medication for a patient
Better than any other site